Perfect ✅ Let’s continue with the next one.

Here’s Module 2.2: ECG Monitoring (Leads, Arrhythmia Detection) with bilingual content, FAQs, and MCQs.

📘 Module 2.2: Monitoring Parameters & Devices

Topic: ECG Monitoring (Leads, Arrhythmia Detection)

1. Introduction 📉

• ECG (Electrocardiogram): A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

• Purpose: Detects rhythm disturbances, conduction abnormalities, myocardial ischemia/infarction.

• Widely used in ICU, ER, and operating theatres for continuous cardiac monitoring.

2. ECG Leads 🖇️

• Lead: A view of the heart’s electrical activity from a specific angle.

• Common types:

  • 3-lead ECG: Often for monitoring HR and rhythm.

  • 5-lead ECG: Adds more views, better arrhythmia detection.

  • 12-lead ECG: Diagnostic standard for ischemia, infarction, axis, hypertrophy.

Lead placement basics:

• RA (Right Arm): below right clavicle

• LA (Left Arm): below left clavicle

• RL (Right Leg): right lower abdomen (ground)

• LL (Left Leg): left lower abdomen

• Chest leads (V1–V6): placed across anterior chest

3. Arrhythmia Detection ⚡

• Normal rhythm: Regular P → QRS → T sequence, rate 60–100 bpm.

• Common arrhythmias:

  • Bradycardia (<60 bpm) – slow HR.

  • Tachycardia (>100 bpm) – fast HR.

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF): Irregular rhythm, no clear P waves.

  • Ventricular tachycardia (VT): Wide QRS, life-threatening.

  • Ventricular fibrillation (VF): Chaotic activity, no pulse → cardiac arrest.

4. Clinical Importance 🏥

• Detects early warning of cardiac arrest.

• Guides therapy: antiarrhythmic drugs, pacing, defibrillation.

• Essential in critical care monitoring.

Quick Visual Aids (for slides)

• Diagram of lead placements.

• Normal ECG waveform labeled (P, QRS, T).

• Examples of arrhythmias: AF, VT, VF.

❓ FAQs (English & Myanmar Bilingual)

1. Q: What is an ECG?
   မေး: ECG ဆိုတာ ဘာလဲ?
   A: A recording of the heart’s electrical activity.
   उत्तर: နှလုံး၏ လျှပ်စစ်လှုပ်ရှားမှုကို မှတ်တမ်းတင်သော စမ်းသပ်မှု။

2. Q: How many leads are in a standard diagnostic ECG?
   မေး: Standard ECG မှာ ဘယ်လောက် lead ရှိသလဲ?
   A: 12 leads.
   उत्तर: ၁၂ ခု။

3. Q: Which arrhythmia is life-threatening and requires immediate defibrillation?
   မေး: ဘယ် arrhythmia က အသက်အန္တရာယ်ရှိပြီး defibrillation အမြန်လိုအပ်သလဲ?
   A: Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
   उत्तर: Ventricular fibrillation (VF).

4. Q: What is normal adult heart rate on ECG?
   မေး: ECG ပေါ်တွင် လူကြီးတွေရဲ့ သာမန် နှလုံးခုန်နှုန်း ဘယ်လောက်လဲ?
   A: 60–100 bpm.
   उत्तर: မိနစ်ကို ၆၀–၁၀၀ ကြိမ်။

5. Q: What is the difference between 3-lead and 12-lead ECG?
   မေး: 3-lead ECG နဲ့ 12-lead ECG ကြား ဘာကွာခြားသလဲ?
   A: 3-lead is for monitoring rhythm, 12-lead is for full diagnosis.
   उत्तर: ၃-lead က rhythm များ စောင့်ကြည့်ရန်၊ ၁၂-lead က အပြည့်အဝ ခွဲခြားစစ်ဆေးရန်။

✅ This completes Module 2.2: ECG Monitoring.

Shall I go ahead and prepare Module 2.3: Invasive Monitoring (IBP, CVP) next?