3.b- Mammogram Intro
Mammography: A Detailed Introduction
1. What is Mammography?
Mammography is a specific type of low-dose X-ray imaging used to examine the human breast. It plays a central role in the early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases, particularly breast cancer. Its primary goal is to find cancer early when it is too small to be felt and when it is most treatable.
Key Point: A mammogram can often find breast changes that could be cancer years before physical symptoms develop.
2. Types of Mammography
There are two main types of mammograms:
Screening Mammogram:
Purpose: Check for breast cancer in women who have no signs or symptoms of the disease.
Views: Typically involves two X-ray pictures (views) of each breast: one from the top (cranial-caudal, CC) and one from the side (mediolateral oblique, MLO).
Goal: To find cancer at an early stage.
Diagnostic Mammogram:
Purpose: To investigate abnormal findings from a screening mammogram or to evaluate a patient who has symptoms (e.g., a lump, pain, nipple discharge, change in breast size or shape).
Process: It involves more X-ray images, taken from different angles and with specialized views. It may also use magnification to focus on a specific area of concern.
Goal: To determine the exact size and location of a abnormality and to further characterize it.
3. The Mammography Procedure: What to Expect
Preparation: The patient is asked to avoid deodorants, perfumes, or powders on the day of the exam, as these can appear as white spots on the X-ray.
Positioning: The patient stands in front of the mammography machine. A radiologic technologist (mammographer) places the breast on a special platform.
Compression: A clear plastic paddle gradually compresses the breast. This compression is crucial because it:
Evens out the breast thickness so all tissue can be visualized.
Spreads out the tissue so small abnormalities are less likely to be hidden.
Allows the use of a lower X-ray dose.
Holds the breast still to eliminate blurring from motion.
While it may be uncomfortable, it lasts for only a few seconds per view.
Image Acquisition: The technologist goes behind a shield and activates the machine to take the X-ray. The process is repeated for the other breast and for the different views needed.
4. Technological Advancements: Digital Mammography and 3D Tomosynthesis
Digital Mammography (2D): Replaces traditional X-ray film with digital detectors. The images are stored directly on a computer. Benefits include:
Faster image acquisition.
Easier storage and sharing of images.
Ability to enhance and manipulate the image for better visualization.
Breast Tomosynthesis (3D Mammography): This is a newer, advanced form of breast imaging where the X-ray tube moves in an arc over the breast, taking multiple images from different angles. A computer then reconstructs these images into thin, high-resolution slices.
Major Benefit: It reduces the problem of tissue overlap, making it easier to see through breast tissue and resulting in higher cancer detection rates and fewer false positives (fewer patients called back for unnecessary follow-up tests).
5. Interpreting the Results: The BI-RADS Score
Mammogram reports use a standardized system called BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) to ensure clear communication. The most important part is the Assessment Category (BI-RADS Score):
Category 0: Incomplete. Need additional imaging or prior mammograms for comparison.
Category 1: Negative. Nothing to comment on. Routine screening recommended.
Category 2: Benign (non-cancerous) finding. Routine screening recommended.
Category 3: Probably benign finding. Short-interval follow-up (e.g., 6 months) is recommended. Very high probability (>98%) of being benign.
Category 4: Suspicious abnormality. A biopsy should be considered. (Further divided into 4A, 4B, 4C based on suspicion level).
Category 5: Highly suggestive of malignancy (cancer). Appropriate action (e.g., biopsy) should be taken.
Category 6: Known biopsy-proven malignancy.
6. Importance, Limitations, and Safety
Importance: It is the most effective screening tool currently available for reducing breast cancer deaths through early detection.
Limitations:
It is not 100% accurate. Some cancers may not be visible (a false negative).
Sometimes, it may find something that looks abnormal but turns out not to be cancer (a false positive), leading to additional tests and anxiety.
It can be less sensitive in women with dense breast tissue.
Safety: The radiation dose from a mammogram is very low. The benefits of early cancer detection far outweigh the minimal risk from this small amount of radiation.
The BI-RADS system—short for Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System—is a standardized classification used in mammography to describe findings, assess breast cancer risk, and guide clinical decisions. Developed by the American College of Radiology, it ensures consistent communication between radiologists and referring physicians.
📊 BI-RADS Categories (0–6)
BI-RADS | Meaning | Action/Implication |
---|---|---|
0 | Incomplete | Needs additional imaging or prior comparison |
1 | Negative | No findings; routine screening recommended |
2 | Benign | Non-cancerous findings (e.g., cysts); routine follow-up |
3 | Probably benign (<2% chance of cancer) | Short-term follow-up suggested |
4A–4C | Suspicious (2–95% chance of cancer) | Biopsy recommended; subdivided by suspicion level |
5 | Highly suggestive of malignancy (>95%) | Immediate action and biopsy required |
6 | Known biopsy-proven malignancy | Used for treatment planning |
🧠 Why It Matters
Standardization: Ensures all radiologists use the same terminology
Risk Stratification: Helps clinicians decide whether to monitor, biopsy, or treat
Audit & Quality Control: Supports peer review and outcome tracking
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. Q: Why is breast compression necessary during a mammogram?
အမေး: ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန်ရိုက်တဲ့အခါ ရင်သားကို ဖိညှစ်ဖို့ ဘာကြောင့် လိုအပ်တာလဲ?
A: Compression is essential because it evens out the breast tissue, reduces blur from movement, allows for a lower radiation dose, and most importantly, it spreads the tissue apart so small abnormalities are less likely to be hidden by overlying tissue.
အဖြေ: ဖိညှစ်ခြင်းသည် အလွန်အရေးကြီးပါသည်။ အဘယ်ကြောင့်ဆိုသော် ၎င်းသည် ရင်သားတစ်သျှူးကို ညီညာစေပြီး၊ လှုပ်ရှားမှုကြောင့် မှုန်ဝါးမှုကို လျှော့ချပေးကာ၊ ဓာတ်ရောင်ခြည်ပမာဏ နည်းနည်းဖြင့် ရိုက်နိုင်စေပြီး၊ အရေးအကြီးဆုံးကတော့ တစ်သျှူးများကို ကားထုတ်ပေးသောကြောင့် တစ်သျှူးအထပ်များအောက်မှာ ပြောင်းလဲမှုအနည်းငယ်တွေ ပုန်းနေမှာကို လျှော့ချပေးလို့ပါ။
2. Q: How often should I get a screening mammogram?
အမေး: ရင်သားကင်ဆာ စစ်ဆေးရန် ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန်ကို ဘယ်နှစ်ကြိမ် ရိုက်သင့်သလဲ?
A: Guidelines vary, but a common recommendation from many health organizations is once every year starting at age 40 for women at average risk. It is essential to discuss your personal risk factors and the best schedule with your doctor.
အဖြေ: လမ်းညွှန်ချက်တွေ ကွဲပြားနိုင်သော်လည်း၊ ပုံမှန်အန္တရာယ်ရှိသည့် အမျိုးသမီးများအတွက် အသက် ၄၀ မှစတင်ကာ တစ်နှစ်တစ်ကြိမ် ရိုက်ရန် အဖွဲ့အများစုက အကြံပြုထားပါသည်။ သင့်ရဲ့ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အန္တရာယ်အချက်တွေနဲ့ အကောင်းဆုံးအချိန်ဇယားကို ဆရာဝန်နဲ့ တိုင်ပင်ဖို့ အရေးကြီးပါတယ်။
3. Q: What does it mean if I am called back after a screening mammogram?
အမေး: စစ်ဆေးမှု ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန် ရိုက်ပြီးနောက် ပြန်ခေါ်ခံရရင် ဘာကိုဆိုလိုတာလဲ?
A: A callback is common and does not mean you have cancer. It usually means the radiologist needs a few more images (a diagnostic mammogram) or an ultrasound to get a clearer look at an area of breast tissue. Most callbacks turn out to be normal breast tissue or benign (non-cancerous) changes.
အဖြေ: ပြန်ခေါ်တာက ဖြစ်နေကျပါပဲ။ ဒါက သင့်မှာ ကင်ဆာရှိတယ် လို့ မဆိုလိုပါဘူး။ ဓာတ်မှန်ဆရာဝန်က ရင်သားတစ်သျှူးရဲ့ နေရာတစ်ခုကို ပိုရှင်းရှင်းလင်းလင်း မြင်နိုင်ဖို့ နောက်ထပ် ပုံတချို့ (ရောဂါရှာဖွေရေး ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန်) (သို့) အသံလှိုင်းသုံး ရောဂါရှာခြင်း (ultrasound) လိုအပ်လို့ ခေါ်တာဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ ပြန်ခေါ်မှုအများစုဟာ ပုံမှန် ရင်သားတစ်သျှူး (သို့) ကင်ဆာမဟုတ်တဲ့ ပြောင်းလဲမှုတွေပါ။
4. Q: Are mammograms painful?
အမေး: ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန်ရိုက်ရင် နာကျင်ရသလား?
A: Many women find the compression to be uncomfortable, and some may find it briefly painful. However, the discomfort lasts for only a few seconds while each picture is taken. The technologist will work with you to make it as tolerable as possible. Scheduling the exam when your breasts are less tender (e.g., after your menstrual period) can help.
အဖြေ: အမျိုးသမီးအများအပြားက ဖိညှစ်တာကို မသက်မသာခံစားရပြီး၊ အချို့က တိုတောင်းစွာ နာကျင်နိုင်ပါတယ်။ သို့သော် ဒီမသက်မသာဖြစ်မှုက ပုံတစ်ပုံစီရိုက်တဲ့အချိန် စက္ကန့်ပိုင်းသာ ကြာပါတယ်။ နည်းပညာရှင်က ခံနိုင်ရည်ရှိအောင် သင့်နဲ့အတူ လုပ်ဆောင်ပေးပါလိမ့်မယ်။ သင့်ရင်သားတွေ နာကျင်မှုနည်းတဲ့အချိန် (ဥပမာ ရာသီလာပြီးချိန်) မှာ ရက်ချိန်းယူတာက ကူညီနိုင်ပါတယ်။
5. Q: What is the difference between a 2D and a 3D mammogram?
အမေး: 2D နဲ့ 3D ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန် ကွာခြားချက်က ဘာလဲ?
A: A 2D mammogram takes one X-ray image of the breast from each angle. A 3D mammogram (tomosynthesis) takes multiple low-dose images from different angles, which a computer builds into a 3D-like set of images. The 3D view helps radiologists see through overlapping breast tissue, making it easier to find cancers and reducing false alarms.
အဖြေ: 2D ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန်က ရင်သားရဲ့ ထောင့်တစ်ခုစီကနေ ဓာတ်မှန်ပုံတစ်ပုံစီ ရိုက်ယူပါတယ်။ 3D ရင်သားဓာတ်မှန် (tomosynthesis) ကတော့ မတူညီတဲ့ထောင့်တွေကနေ ဓာတ်ရောင်ခြည်ပမာဏ နည်းနည်းနဲ့ ပုံများစွာ ရိုက်ယူပြီး၊ ကွန်ပျူတာက 3D ပုံစံအတွင်းမြင်ကွင်းတစ်ခုကို တည်ဆောက်ပေးပါတယ်။ 3D မြင်ကွင်းက ဓာတ်မှန်ဆရာဝန်တွေကို ထပ်နေတဲ့ ရင်သားတစ်သျှူးတွေကနေ မြင်ရစေပြီး၊ ကင်ဆာတွေ့ရှိဖို့ ပိုလွယ်ကူစေကာ အချည်းနှီး စိုးရိမ်စရာတွေကို လျှော့ချပေးပါတယ်။
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