2.     Course Outlines:

Section 2.1: Evolution of radiographic technology

X-rays was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen; Germany Professor and the first application was focused on visualizing bones and fractures. But it has limitations because film-based x-rays need chemical processing, time-consuming, and quality varied. That is why, evolution was occurred in the 20th century. These are:

a.     Fluoroscopy (1920s)

b.     Mammogram (1960-70s)

c.     CT scanning (1970s)

d.     Digital radiography (1970-1990s)

e.     Later, other modern developments (digital x-rays, mobile x-ray system, interventional radiology, AI integration and advanced detector technology)

Section 2.2: Overview of Diagnostic Imaging Modalities (X-ray, Fluoroscopy, Mammogram, CT, MRI, Ultrasound)

X-ray, Fluoroscopy, Mammogram, CT and MRI are different type of imaging modalities and here is the brief description about them as follows:

X-ray

    Uses electromagnetic radiation to create body images.

    Different tissues absorb X-rays differently → image forms.

    Best for bones, fractures, head, neck, chest, abdomen, spine, limbs.

    Limited detail for soft tissue.

    Uses ionizing radiation → must be used carefully.

Fluoroscopy

    Uses continuous X-rays for real-time moving images.

    Often combined with contrast agents.

    Guides procedures: catheter placement, barium swallow, organ function tests.

    Uses ionizing radiation → longer exams = higher dose.

Mammography

     Special X-ray for examining breast tissue.

     Low-dose ionizing radiation.

     Detects tumors or cysts early.

     Used for breast cancer screening and diagnosis.

     Less effective in dense breast tissue.

Computed Tomography

    Uses of x-rays and computers to make cross-sectional images.

    Shows bones, organs, blood vessels, soft tissue in detail.

    Performed with or without contrast medium based on the diagnostic issue  (oral, i.v and anal)

    Detects injuries, cancers, infections, and bleedings.

    Higher radiation dose than regular x-rays.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

               Uses strong magnets and radio waves.

               Excellent for soft tissues: brain, spinal cord, muscles, and ligaments.

               Detect tumors, injuries and joint problems.

               Longer scan time, noisy, not suitable for some metal implants.

Ultrasound Imaging

    Uses high-frequency sound waves – live images.

    No ionizing radiation – safe for pregnancy.

    Checks organs, vessels like color doppler (depends on region of interest), guide procedures, monitors and access fetal growth.

    Limited for bones or air-filled organs.